Interactive radio frequency tags

ABSTRACT

Interactive radio frequency tags that are responsive to external stimuli to change state are disclosed. The tags preferably include a passive radio frequency transponder, having an antenna, an interface for receiving an external stimulus, and one or more integrated circuits responsive to the external stimulus received at the interface to change the state of the transponder. Also disclosed is a “sensor tag” which changes state in response to a particular environmental stimulus. In addition, either of these “button” or “sensor” features may be combined with an output feature which visually, audibly, tactilely or otherwise signals the state or change of state of an RF tag, or the tag may be designed to produce an output in response to the external stimulus of the RF signal received at the tag&#39;s antenna.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/306,688,filed on May 6, 1999, now abandoned, and which is hereby incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates generally to the field of radio frequencytag technology. More specifically, the present invention relates topassive radio frequency tags which are capable of changing state inresponse to an external stimulus.

Radio frequency (RF) tag technology has conventionally been used foridentifying objects in radio frequency identification (RF ID) systems.In an RF ID system, information is carried on a tag (transponder) whichis typically attached to an object of interest. When the tag comeswithin a RF signal field generated by a reader (transceiver) the tagresponds to the incident RF signal. Typically, the tag reflects theincident RF carrier back to the reader in a form modulated by the tagaccording to the information with which the tag has been previouslyprogrammed.

RF tags may be passive or active. Active tags are powered by a batterywhich is incorporated into the tag. Passive tags do not have batteries.They derive their power inductively or capacitively from the RF signaltransmitted by the reader to interrogate the tag.

FIG. 1A illustrates a conventional passive RF tag. The tag 100 has twomain components: a semiconductor chip (integrated circuit (IC)) 102having interface circuits, logic, and memory (not shown); and an antenna104. The interface circuits of the IC 102 portion of a passive RF tagtypically include an analog and a digital circuit. The analog circuitdetects and decodes the RF signal and provides power to the digitalcircuit using the RF field strength of the reader. The digital circuitimplements an information protocol which has been previously programmedinto the tag. RF tags generally also include a variety of other discretecomponents, such as capacitors, clocks, and interconnections betweencomponents, a substrate for mounting components, and an enclosure.

FIG. 1B depicts a block diagram providing additional structuralinformation for a typical passive RF tag. The figure is not a schematicdepiction of an RF tag, but is intended as an illustration of the mainfunction elements of a typical tag and their interconnections to providea basis for describing the actions that take place when a tag(transponder) enters the RF field of a reader (transceiver), in order toassist in the understanding of the operation of RF tags.

An RF signal from a transceiver is received by the tag's antenna 110when the tag enters the reader's RF field. From the antenna 110, thesignal is typically smoothed by a capacitor 111, and split into aportion that provides the power for the tag, and a portion that providesthe data to be read by and responded to by the tag's programmed logic.The power portion of the signal goes into a rectifier 112 (AC to DCconverter) and the emerging DC signal is smoothed by a capacitor 104.The data portion of the split signal is conveyed along a conductive line116 to a data extractor 118 which demodulates the signal and extractsthe digital binary command data for the logic processor 120. The logicprocessor 120 receives the command and carries out the commandinstructions, which typically involves reading data from the tag'smemory 122. The data read from the memory 122 is then output to amodulator 124 which modulates the digital data into an analog signal.The signal is then conveyed to the antenna 110 and transmitted back tothe transceiver. RF tags also typically include additional elements notillustrated in FIG. 1B or discussed above, such as encoders/decoders andclock extractors.

As noted above radio frequency (RF) tag technology, particularly passiveRF tag technology, has conventionally been used for identifying objectsin radio frequency identification (RF ID) systems. Thus the conventionalapplication of RF tags has been in tracking objects of interest. Whenthe tag comes within a RF signal field generated by a reader(transceiver) the tag responds to the transceiver's incident RF signalalerting the transceiver of its presence. A typical reader includes acomputer processor which issues commands to a RF transmitter andreceives commands from an RF receiver. The processor may also performone or more functions based on the tag's presence in its RF field.

For example, RF tags are used by airlines to track passenger luggage.When a passenger checks a piece of luggage it is tagged with an RF IDtag programmed with an identifier for that piece of luggage. When theluggage tag comes within the RF signal field of one of many RF IDreaders located throughout the luggage system, the tag may beinterrogated by the reader and the location of the luggage may bereported to a central tracking system by the reader's processor.Similarly, RF tag technology is used in “card key” systems. A card keycontains a RF ID tag identifying the holder as a person authorized topass through a door or gate. When the card comes within the RF signalfield of an RF ID reader located at a door or gate, the tag may beinterrogated by the reader and the authorization of the cardholder topass may be confirmed, the door or gate my be opened, and thecardholder's passage recorded by the reader's processor.

While conventional implementations of RF tag technology have been usefulin such tracking applications, the role of RF tags in these applicationsis static. That is, once a passive RF tag is programmed withinformation, it is simply polled by a reader. The tag may bereprogrammed with different information, but at any given time the taghas just one information state. The present inventors believe that RFtag technology offers the potential for a whole array of unexploredapplications based on dynamic RF tags, that is, RF tags that are capableof existing in more than one information state without reprogramming.Accordingly, there is a need for the development of such dynamic,interactive RF tag technology.

SUMMARY

The present invention meets this need by providing interactive RF tags.These tags are responsive to external stimuli to change state. In oneaspect, interactive radio frequency tags in accordance with the presentinvention preferably include a passive radio frequency transponder,having an antenna, an interface for receiving an external stimulus, andone or more integrated circuits responsive to the external stimulusreceived at the interface to change the state of the transponder. Thenature of the interface and the corresponding external stimuli, as wellas the change of state may vary substantially while remaining consistentwith this inventive concept.

For example, a tag may be configured to change state when one or morebuttons on the tag is pushed by a user. Variations on this idea includea “single button tag” that may only be read when a button on the tag ispushed; or a “switch” tag that alternates between memories (or memoryaddresses) that are accessed for information when the tag is polled by areader depending on whether or not a button is pushed, and others.

Another type of interactive RF tag is a “sensor tag” which changes statein response to a particular environmental stimulus. For example, if atag is exposed to light or heat that surpasses a given threshold, analternate memory location containing information reflecting this fact isaccessed when the tag is polled by a reader.

In addition, either of these “button” or “sensor” features may becombined with an output feature which visually, audibly, tactilely orotherwise signals the state or change of state of an RF tag.

In one aspect, the invention provides an interactive radio frequency tagapparatus. The apparatus includes a passive radio frequency transponder,including an antenna, an interface for receiving an external stimulus,and one or more integrated circuits responsive to an external stimulusreceived at the interface to change the state of the transponder.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of changing theresponse provided by a polled radio frequency tag. The method involvesproviding an interactive radio frequency tag apparatus, having a passiveradio frequency transponder, including, an antenna, an interface forreceiving an external stimulus, and one or more integrated circuitsresponsive to an external stimulus received at the interface to changethe state of the transponder, and applying an external stimulus to theinterface to change the state of the transponder.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a radio frequency tagapparatus. The apparatus has a passive radio frequency transponder,including an antenna, an integrated circuit, and an output deviceresponsive to a radio frequency signal received at said antenna togenerate an output signal.

These and other features and advantages of the present invention will bepresented in more detail in the following specification of the inventionand the accompanying figures which illustrate by way of example theprinciples of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A depicts a block diagram illustrating a conventional passive RFtag.

FIG. 1B depicts a block diagram illustrating additional details of atypical passive RF tag.

FIGS. 2A-C depict state diagrams illustrating changes of state ofvarious implementations of interactive RF tags in accordance withpreferred embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 3-10 depict simplified block diagrams illustrating variousimplementations of interactive RF tags in accordance with preferredembodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to preferred embodiments of theinvention. Examples of the preferred embodiments are illustrated in theaccompanying drawings. While the invention will be described inconjunction with these preferred embodiments, it will be understood thatit is not intended to limit the invention to one or more preferredembodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover alternatives,modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit andscope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. In thefollowing description, numerous specific details are set forth in orderto provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. Thepresent invention may be practiced without some or all of these specificdetails. In other instances, well known process operations have not beendescribed in detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure the presentinvention.

The present invention provides interactive radio frequency transponders,frequently referred to as RF tags. These tags are responsive to externalstimuli to change state. The change of state of a tag may produce adifferent output from the tag when it is polled upon entering the RFfield of a radio frequency transceiver, frequently referred to as a RFtag reader. The change of state produced by the external stimulus may bereversible, such as in the case of many implementations of “buttontags,” wherein a change of state results when one or more buttons on thetag is pushed by a user. This situation is illustrated in FIG. 2A, whichshows a state diagram 200 in which an external stimulus (such as a userdepressing a button on the tag) produces a change of state from STATE 1to STATE 2, or vice versa, as represented by the double-headed arrow.

Alternatively, the change of state produced by the external stimulus maybe irreversible, such as in the case of many implementations of “sensortags,” wherein a change of state results when a given environmentalcondition is experienced by the tag (e.g., a temperature threshold issurpassed). This situation is illustrated in FIG. 2B, which shows astate diagram 210 in which an external stimulus (such as a userdepressing a button on the tag) produces a change of state from STATE 1to STATE 2, or vice versa, as represented by the single-headed arrow.

An interactive RF tag in accordance with the present invention may alsobe configured to have a plurality of states in which it may operatedepending on a particular external stimulus received. This situation isrepresented by the “web” structure illustrated in FIG. 2C, which shows astate diagram 220 in which an external stimulus (such as a userdepressing a button on the tag) produces a change of state from STATE 1to STATE 2, or vice versa. Additionally, the change of state may be fromSTATE 1 to any of a number of other states (e.g., STATE 3, STATE 4, orSTATE 5 in the illustrated embodiment), or from one of those states toanother state, as represented by the double-headed arrows, when anotherexternal stimulus (such as a user depressing a different button on thetag) is applied to the tag. This latter implementation may findparticular use in applications where the interactive tag is used as acontroller, and each states results in a different control command beingreturned to a tag reader in a device under control of the tag.

Various implementations of the invention will now be described withreference to simplified block diagrams. RF tag structures andconfigurations are well known to those of skill in the art, andimplementation details of RF tags, beyond the functional elementsdescribed herein, are not the focus of the present invention. One ofordinary skill in the RF tag technology art would be able to make andimplement tags in accordance with the present invention without specificguidance with regard to the combination and configuration of all tagstructural elements, and the present invention is not limited by anyparticular implementation. Applications of interactive RF frequency tagsin accordance with the present invention are also discussed below.

Interactive radio frequency tags in accordance with the presentinvention preferably include a passive radio frequency transponder,having an antenna, an interface for receiving an external stimulus, andone or more integrated circuits responsive to the external stimulusreceived at the interface to change the state of the transponder. Thenature of the interface and the corresponding external stimuli, as wellas the change of state may vary substantially while remaining consistentwith this inventive concept, as discussed in more detail below.

Button Tags

Tags in accordance with the present invention may be configured tochange state when a user contacts and/or manipulates an interface on thetag, for example, one or more buttons on the tag is pushed or turned bya user (“button tags”). Variations on this idea include a “single buttontag” that may only be read when a button on the tag is pushed; a“switch” tag that switches between memories (or memory addresses) thatare accessed for response information when the tag is polled by a readerdepending on whether or not a button, or which button, is pushed; an“analog switch” tag that provides a variable response accessed from amemory based on the amount of pressure the user applies to apressure-sensitive pad, or the movement a user applies(e.g., sliding orturning) to a motion-sensitive button on the tag. FIGS. 3 through 7illustrate various embodiments of user contact tags in accordance withthe present invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates a first embodiment of a (passive) interactive radiofrequency transponder in accordance with the present invention. As witha conventional RF tag, the transponder 300 has a semiconductor chip(integrated circuit (IC)) 302 with RF circuits, logic and memory, and anantenna 304. In addition, this embodiment of the present inventionincludes a switch 306 which interrupts the signal flow from the antenna304 to the IC 302. Thus, this transponder 300 may only be read by aradio frequency transceiver when the switch 306 is closed. Closing theswitch changes the state of the transponder from unreadable to readable.In a preferred embodiment, this switch 306 is a mechanical switch whichis closed by an external stimulus when a user applies pressure to abutton on the transponder.

FIG. 4A illustrates a second embodiment of an interactive radiofrequency transponder in accordance with the present invention. Like thetransponder illustrated in FIG. 3, the transponder 400 is also a “buttontag.” This embodiment, however, has two ICs 402 and 403 together with anantenna 404. The transponder 400 also has a switch 405 which may be inone of two positions 406 or 407, to connect the ICs 402 or 403,respectively. The switch 405 interrupts the signal flow from the antenna404 to the ICs 402 and 403. Thus, the response provided to a pollingtransceiver by this transponder 400 is determined by which position theswitch is in. If the switch 405 is position 406, IC 402 is activated anddetermines the response provided to the polling transceiver. Similarly,if the switch is in position 407, IC 403 is activated and determines theresponse provided to the polling transceiver.

FIG. 4B illustrates an alternative embodiment of the embodiment shown inFIG. 4A. Like the transponder illustrated in FIG. 4A, the transponder410 has a switch 415. However, in this embodiment, the switch 415 may bein one of three positions 416 or 417 to connect the ICs 412 or 413,respectively, or 418 which is an open circuit position. The switch 415interrupts the signal flow from the antenna 414 to the ICs 412 and 413.Thus, the response provided to a polling transceiver by this transponder410 is determined by which position the switch is in. If the switch 415is position 416, IC 412 is activated and determines the responseprovided to the polling transceiver. Similarly, if the switch is inposition 417, IC 413 is activated and determines the response providedto the polling transceiver. If the switch is in position 418, there areno closed circuits meaning that no power or data reaches either IC inthe transponder, so the tag 410 cannot be read.

A person of skill in the art will recognize that there are many possiblealternative implementations of the embodiments of the present inventionillustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B. For example, rather than the transponderhaving two separate ICs, it may instead have a single IC in whichdifferent memory addresses are accessed depending on which position aswitch controlled by a user is in.

FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of an interactive radio frequencytransponder in accordance with the present invention which illustratesan example of this concept. The transponder 500 has an IC 502, anantenna 504, and a single switch 506 that closes different circuitsdepending on its position. In the transponder illustrated in FIG. 5, theswitch has two positions, each of which results in the closing of adifferent circuit that provides power to the IC 502 and accesses adifferent memory address to determine the response provided to a pollingradio frequency transceiver.

It should be noted that while the embodiments illustrated and describedwith reference to FIGS. 4 and 5 have two alternative closed circuits,passive radio frequency transponders in accordance with the presentinvention may also be implemented along the same lines, but providingmore than two alternatives. For example, as described above withreference to FIG. 2C, passive radio frequency tags in accordance withthe present invention may have a plurality of possible states, eachaccessed, for example, by pressing a different button. Such animplementation of the present invention may be useful, for example, as acontroller for electronic devices which incorporate a radio frequencytransceiver.

In the embodiment described above with reference to FIG. 3, thetransponder is not seen and read by a polling transceiver unless abutton on the transceiver is pushed to close the switch. In FIGS. 4A and5, embodiments are illustrated in which one or another circuit is alwaysclosed so that a polling transceiver whose field reached the transponderwill always receive one or another response, depending on which buttonis pushed or which position a switch is in. In the embodimentillustrated in FIG. 4B the switch interrupting the signal path from theantenna to the IC has a third position, providing the possibility thatthe transponder may or may not be powered and read when it comes withinthe field of a polling transceiver, depending on the switch position.

FIG. 6 provides yet another implementation of an interactive transponderin accordance with the present invention. The transponder 600 includesan IC 602 and an antenna 604. There is no switch interrupting the signalpath from the antenna to the IC, so the transponder is read whenever itis within the field of a polling transceiver, and a responsecorresponding to the state of the transponder is provided to thetransceiver. The transponder 600 also has a switch 606 connected to theIC 602 which is capable of changing the state of the transponder whenclosed, for example, by the pushing of a button on the transponder.

FIG. 7 illustrates another embodiment of an interactive transponder inaccordance with the present invention. The transponder 700 combineselements from previously discussed implementations. It includes an IC702, an antenna 704, and a switch 706 interrupting the signal path fromthe antenna to the IC. Thus, the transponder may only be read when theswitch 706 is closed, for example, by a button being pushed. Inaddition, the transponder 700 also has a switch 708 connected to the IC702 which is capable of changing the state of the transponder whenclosed, for example, by the pushing of a button on the transponder.

As noted above, it should also be understood that the present inventionincludes embodiments in which a user interactive interface may provide avariable response (e.g., an “analog switch” as opposed to the discreteresponse provided by the “digital switches” previously described).Transponders in accordance with this aspect of the present inventionpreferably include a transducer and a variable voltage sensor. Thetransducer converts a user interaction, such as movement on amotion-sensitive pad on the tag, or the pushing of a pressure sensitivepad, into a voltage detected by the variable voltage sensor. The sensormay be configured to detect when a voltage threshold has been reachedand cause a change of state in the transponder resulting in a differentresponse being provided to a polling transceiver. Alternatively,real-time response based on the level of user interaction may beprovided.

The various configurations addressed herein are implementation detailsof the present invention, which, given the concept and guided by theprinciples of the invention, may be determined without difficulty by aperson having skill in the art. Exemplary applications for theembodiments of the present invention described above are discussedbelow.

Sensor Tags

Another type of interactive RF tag is a “sensor tag.” Like the buttontags described above, sensor tags change state in response to aparticular external stimulus. However, rather than the external stimulusbeing user intervention with a button on the tag, in this case theexternal stimulus is provided by a particular environmental condition.For example, if a tag is exposed to light or heat that reaches a giventhreshold, an alternate memory location containing informationreflecting this fact is accessed when the tag is polled by a reader.Alternatively, real-time (“analog”) response based on the level orchange of the environmental condition sensed may be provided. In thisway, such a sensor tag or tags may be used to monitor importantenvironmental conditions affecting articles to which the tags areattached.

FIG. 8 illustrates a sensor tag implementation of an interactivetransponder in accordance with the present invention. The transponder800 includes an IC 802 and an antenna 804. There is no switchinterrupting the signal path from the antenna to the IC, so thetransponder is read whenever it is within the field of a pollingtransceiver, and a response corresponding to the state of thetransponder is provided to the transceiver. The transponder 800 also hasa sensor 806 connected to the IC 802 which is capable of changing thestate of the transponder when a certain external stimulus is applied.The sensor preferably includes a transducer and a variable voltagesensor. The transducer converts an environmental condition into avoltage and the variable voltage sensor detects when a voltage thresholdhas been reached and causes a change of state in the transponderresulting in a different response being provided to a pollingtransceiver.

The transducer may be, for example, a photovoltaic cell for detectinglight, or a thermal cell for detecting temperature. The change of stateoccurring in sensor tags such as these may be irreversible, rendering itparticularly useful for a variety of applications, as described below.In preferred embodiments, it is not necessary for the tag to be underpower in order for the sensor to work since the sensor may respond to anirreversible change in a material property of one of its components inresponse to a particular environmental condition. Embodiments are alsopossible wherein a sensor tag in accordance with the present inventionmay be used to provide real-time response based on the level or changeof an environmental condition sensed, such as temperature or pressure,when the tag is under power (i.e., within the RF field of acorresponding transceiver), for example by accessing different memorylocations based on the level of the environmental condition sensed.

FIG. 9 illustrates another embodiment of an interactive transponder inaccordance with the present invention. The transponder 900 combineselements from both previously discussed button tag and sensor tagimplementations. It includes an IC 902, an antenna 904, and a switch 906interrupting the signal path from the antenna to the IC. Thus, thetransponder may only be read when the switch 906 is closed, for example,by a button being pushed. The transponder 900 also has a sensor 908,such as that described with reference to FIG. 8, connected to the IC 902which is capable of changing the state of the transponder when a certainexternal stimulus is applied.

Output Tags

In addition, the present invention provides interactive RF tags whichvisually, audibly, tactilely or otherwise signal a state or change ofstate of an RF tag in response to a particular external stimulus. Theexternal stimulus may be user intervention with a button on the tag orsensation of an environmental condition received at a separate interfaceas described above, or may be provided by the RF signal itself receivedat the tag's antenna as discussed below.

For example, “button” or “sensor” features may be combined with anoutput feature which visually, audibly, tactilely or otherwise signalsthe state or change of state of an output RF tag. FIG. 10 illustrates apreferred embodiment of the present invention which provides an exampleof such a hybrid output tag. A transponder 1000 has an IC 1002, anantenna 1004, and a switch 1006 on the IC. Thus, the transponder may beread whenever the tag is in the field of an associated transceiver,whether or not the button is pushed. In addition, the transponder 1000also has an output device 1008 connected to the IC 1002 which is capableof generating a signal when the state of the transponder is changed, forexample, by the pushing of a button on the transponder to close theswitch 1006.

In a preferred embodiment, the output device may be an LED which lightsto indicate a state change. Alternative output devices include speakerswhich are capable of generating audible signals, such as clicks orbeeps, or devices which are capable of generating tactile signals, suchas a vibration. Of course, alternative configurations may be used insuch output tags in accordance with the present invention. For example,output devices, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), may beincorporated into any of the previously described embodiments. Those ofskill in the art are familiar with such output devices and, given theprinciples of the present invention described herein, would be able tofabricate interactive radio frequency transponders in accordance withthe present invention.

Another embodiment of a hybrid output tag in accordance with the presentinvention includes the use of a sensor in place of the switch 1006 ofthe transponder 1000 illustrated in FIG. 10. According to thisembodiment, the state of the transponder would change when a givenenvironmental condition was experienced resulting in the activation ofthe output device 1008 when the transponder is polled by a transceiver.

An additional novel implementation of an output tag involves theincorporation of an output device, such as an LED, into the circuit ofthe antenna and IC in a passive transponder, so that a signal isgenerated when the transponder is powered-up upon exposure to the RFfield of a polling transceiver. In this instance, the RF field producedby the polling transceiver provides the external stimulus that causesthe change of state in the transponder to produce a signal from theoutput device. In addition, the RF signal may convey information tochange the state of the transponder so that the output device is made tosignal or not signal when the transponder is under power.

Applications

Interactive RF tags in accordance with the present invention have amyriad of potential control and monitoring applications. The small sizeand versatility of passive RF tags with respect to materials that may beused to house tags provide distinct advantages over alternativetechnologies, such as optical (e.g. bar code), magnetic and electronicinterfaces which require electrically conductive contacts. RF tags arealso not subject to the same limitations and reliability issues as thesetechnologies, such as optical interference, demagnetization, or fouledelectrical contacts.

Interactive RF button tags may be used in such items as a “smartbusiness card.” With the smart business card, the user presses theappropriate button on a RF tag business card, causing the relevant IC tomake contact with the antenna to activate the tag. The card may beequipped with several buttons, each representing a different item ofinformation. So, for instance, when a user presses the “home phone”button on the business card, a transceiver polling the card will receivea response indicating the cardholder's home telephone number. Thetransceiver may be integrated with a telecommunications device, such asa telephone, which dials the telephone number. Similarly, the user maypress “office phone” button on the card to have the same happen with theappropriate office number. Pressing a “Fax” button may similarlyinitiate a fax to the correct number. Pressing an “E-mail” button maysignal a transceiver integrated with a networked computer (or othernetwork device) to access e-mail software and put the addressee's namein the “to” field. In these cases, the data required to conduct theseactions may be stored in the actual memory of the tag itself. Inalternative embodiments, some or all of the data may be stored off thetag and accessed by a response generated by the tag when polled by atransceiver.

Another application of interactive button tags is in a RF tag mediacontroller. With the media controller, traditional music or videofunctions (e.g., play, stop, pause, fast forward, rewind) arerepresented by interactive buttons on, for example, a playing card-sizetag. When a user presses a button, the state of the tag changes toprovide a response corresponding to the selected function to a pollingtransceiver integrated with the media player.

Interactive button tags may also be used in other control applications,for example, a “web card.” In a preferred embodiment, the web card mayhave a similar construction to the media controller discussed above,with one or more buttons each representing a different web page or site,or for otherwise controlling a web browser. A user may, for example,select a desired web site by pushing a button on the card. Thisselection is read by a transceiver integrated with a computer withaccess to the World Wide Web with the result that the URL for the siteis entered in a web browser on the computer and the site is accessed.

A further application for interactive RF tags may be in recording andplaying back audio material associated with an item in which a tag isembedded or connected. For example, a “memory binder” may includephotographs, postcards and souvenirs from a user's vacation. Each of theitems in the binder may have associated with it one or more buttons forplaying and/or recording information relating to the item. The memorybinder has associated with it a transceiver integrated with anelectronic device or system having memory, circuitry and a speaker forstoring and playing audio messages relating to particular items in thebinder. The device or system may also have a microphone and associatedcircuitry to enable the user to record a message relating to aparticular item when an interactive RF tag button associated with theitem is pressed. Alternatively, the audio messages may be prerecorded ina memory on a tag or accessible to a tag embedded in the item (e.g., a“talking postcard”).

Examples of electronic devices or systems having integrated transceiversfor use in conjunction with a memory binder application of aninteractive RF tag in accordance with the present invention are acomputer system with audio capability or in a telephone with anassociated memory access service provided by the telephone systemoperator. An electronic device designed specifically for the purpose ofproviding the features needed by a memory binder as described above mayalso be constructed and used.

It will be noted that the interactive RF tag applications describedherein are implemented using RF transceivers which are integrated withother electronic devices, such as media players, telephones, andcomputers in order that the change of state in a tag which relates to aparticular function of a device may be conveyed to the device. RFtransceivers have conventionally been integrated with a variety ofelectronic devices in conventional applications of RF technology fortracking functions. Given the concept and principles of the presentinvention as described herein, one of ordinary skill in the art would beable to integrate RF transceivers into the new device types noted hereinin order to implement applications of the present invention withoutdifficulty.

Applications for sensor tags in accordance with the present inventioninclude product monitoring tags. For example, products which aresensitive to environmental conditions, such as food and a variety ofother commodities and consumer products, may have sensor tags such asdescribed herein attached to them or to their packaging, shipping orstorage containers. The tags can be configured to monitor a particularenvironmental condition (or more than one) and the tag can be readbefore the product is used to ensure that its safety or efficacy has notbeen compromised by exposure to a deleterious environmental condition.

Such tags are well-suited to being configured so that a change of statethat occurs upon a particular deleterious environmental threshold beingreached is maintained. For some applications, these tags are alsowell-suited to being combined with an output device to produce an outputtag that will signal a change of state that occurs upon a particulardeleterious environmental threshold being reached without the need forthe tag memory to be read—when the tag is powered up upon polling by atransceiver, the output device, such as an LED, signals the change ofstate to an observing user.

Output tags such as described herein may be useful to signal a change ofstate in an interactive RF tag in accordance with preferred embodimentsof the present invention. Hybrid output tags may be used in any of theapplications noted above to signal a change of state for functional oraesthetic purposes. In addition, as noted above, an output device may beincluded in a RF tag circuit so that a signal is generated whenever thetag is read, or in accordance with an external stimulus provided via theassociated transceiver's RF signal and received at its antenna.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail forpurposes of clarity of understanding, it will be apparent that certainchanges and modifications may be practiced within the scope of theappended claims. It should be noted that there are many alternative waysof implementing both the process and apparatuses of the presentinvention. Accordingly, the present embodiments are to be considered asillustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is not to be limitedto the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope andequivalents of the appended claims.

1. A radio frequency identification system for transferring contactinformation, the system comprising: a polling radio frequencytransceiver; a radio frequency tag configured as a business card,wherein the tag includes: planar material with readable text, whereinthe readable text includes items of contact information, wherein theitems of contact information include at least two of: a telephonenumber; a fax number; an email address; and a URL; a passive radiofrequency transponder including: an integrated circuit with memory,wherein the memory stores portions of contact information, wherein thestored contact information portions include at least two of: a telephonenumber: a fax number; an email address; and a URL; and an antenna; andat least two buttons, wherein each button is associated with an item ofcontact information and a stored contact information portion, andwherein each button is configured to cause the integrated circuit toprovide to the antenna a signal indicating the stored contactinformation portion when depressed by a user in the presence of thepolling radio frequency transceiver; and a device coupled to the pollingradio frequency transceiver and configured to receive the stored contactinformation portion and perform an operation.
 2. The system of claim 1wherein the device is a telephone, the stored contact informationportion includes a telephone number and the operation includes dialingthe telephone number.
 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the device is afax machine, the stored contact information portion includes a faxnumber and the operation includes faxing.
 4. The system of claim 1wherein the device is a networked computer, the stored contactinformation portion includes an email address and the operation includescommencing an email.
 5. The interactive business card system of claim 1wherein the device is a networked computer, the stored contactinformation portion includes a URL and the operation includes accessingthe URL.
 6. An interactive card comprising: a card base; a passive radiofrequency transponder carried by the card base and including: anintegrated circuit with memory that stores multiple data items; at leastone switch; and an antenna; and one or more manually-selectableinterfaces carried by the card base, wherein each interface correspondsto a selectable one of the stored multiple data items, and wherein whena user in the presence of a polling radio frequency transceiver manuallyselects one of the manually-selectable interfaces, the interface isconfigured to operate the at least one switch and cause the integratedcircuit to provide a signal to the antenna corresponding to a selectedone of the stored multiple data items.
 7. The interactive card of claim6, wherein the stored data include at least one of a telephone number, afax number, an email address, and a URL.
 8. The interactive card ofclaim 6 wherein the stored data include a reference to data stored in adevice other than the interactive card.
 9. A method of receiving itemsof business-card information comprising: polling an interactive device,wherein the interactive device includes: a passive radio frequencytransponder including: an integrated circuit with memory that stores atleast two items of business-card information; a switch; and an antenna;and at least two buttons, wherein each button corresponds to aselectable one of the at least two items of business-card informationand is configured to operate the switch and cause the integrated circuitto provide to the antenna a signal indicating a selected item ofbusiness-card information; receiving from the interactive device theselected item of business-card information when a user presses one ofthe at least two buttons; and performing an operation based upon thereceived item of business-card information.
 10. The method of claim 9wherein the received item of business-card information includes atelephone or fax number and the operation includes respectively dialingthe telephone number or faxing the fax number.
 11. The method of claim 9wherein the received item of business-card information includes an emailaddress and the operation includes sending an electronic message to theemail address.
 12. The method of claim 9 wherein the received item ofbusiness-card information includes a URL and the operation includesaccessing the URL.
 13. The method of claim 9 wherein the received itemof business-card information includes a reference to data and theoperation includes accessing the data.
 14. A passive radio frequencyidentification tag configured as a business card, the tag comprising:means for receiving an incident radio frequency signal; means forgenerating an output radio frequency signal; means for storing items ofbusiness contact information associated with the business card; meansfor selecting a stored item of business contact information, whereinwhen an incident radio frequency signal is received and a user selects astored item of business contact information, an output radio frequencysignal is generated indicating the selected stored item of businesscontact information; and means for providing human-readable text items,wherein each human-readable text item corresponds to a stored item ofbusiness contact information and corresponds to respective means forselecting.
 15. The passive radio frequency identification tag of claim14 wherein the human-readable text items correspond to at least one of atelephone number, a fax number, an email address, and a URL.
 16. Thepassive radio frequency identification tag of claim 14 wherein thestored items of business contact information include a reference to datastored in a device other than the passive radio frequency identificationtag.
 17. An interactive web card for controlling a web browser, the webcard comprising: a card surface with human-readable indicia; a passiveradio frequency transponder including: an integrated circuit with memorystoring data items, wherein at least one data item is associated with ahuman-readable indicium; and an antenna that receives an incident radiofrequency signal; and one or more buttons, wherein each button isassociated with a human-readable indicium and wherein each button whenpressed by a user is configured to cause the integrated circuit toprovide to the antenna an output radio frequency signal indicating theassociated stored data item when the antenna receives the incident radiofrequency signal.
 18. The interactive web card of claim 17 wherein thehuman-readable indicia include web sites and the data include referencesto web sites.
 19. The interactive web card of claim 17 wherein thehuman-readable indicia include controls for controlling a web browser.